Pressurization or pressurisation is the application of pressure in a given situation or environment. In the aerospace context, pressurization refers to the process of maintaining the internal pressure of an aircraft or spacecraft at a higher level than the external atmospheric pressure.
Pressurization is necessary because the air at high altitudes is much thinner and contains less oxygen, making it difficult for humans and other living organisms to survive.
Pressurization is achieved by controlling the flow of air into the cabin and cockpit of an aircraft and by adjusting the pressure inside the cabin to match the pressure at a lower altitude, typically around 8,000 feet or 2,500 meters. This allows the passengers and crew to breathe comfortably during the flight.
Examples of pressurization systems include:
- In commercial aircraft, pressurization is typically controlled by the aircraft's Environmental Control System (ECS). The ECS regulates the flow of air into the cabin and cockpit, and can adjust the cabin pressure to match the pressure at a lower altitude.
- In spacecraft, pressurization is typically done using a combination of mechanical systems, such as pumps and valves, and electrical systems, such as pressure sensors and control computers.
Pressurization systems must be carefully designed and maintained to ensure the safety and comfort of the passengers and crew, and to prevent damage to the aircraft or spacecraft. Failures in pressurization systems can lead to a dangerous situation and depressurization can cause hypoxia and other health-related issues.